Visual Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visual Identity - Essay Example Truly, when I have taken a gander at the primary Apple logo, it turns out to be clear why the organization chose to supplant it immediately and transform it into progressively basic and significant visual image. At first, after some time the Apple logo in its type of apple has changed start with a ‘rainbow apple’, than proceeding with a water shading plan, and completion with white and crude aluminum shading plans that is notable for all clients now and still stays conspicuous and related in people’s minds with Apple Inc. However, the Apple logo has an exceptionally symbolical importance and tells its clients that an apple, being the ‘fruit of the Tree of Knowledge’ offers individuals a chance to cognize science and leave bit of information in own souls and psyches. Pondering essential plan components and realistic methods that were utilized in the formation of this visual personality we can make reference to that the last cleaned chrome logo is a perfect variation for a genuine PC organization, since it has no additional items, while a gleaming chrome finish spruces up the symbol in the best

The Different Meanings and Uses of Economic Efficiency

The Different Meanings and Uses of Economic Efficiency As a rule, monetary effectiveness alludes to a market result that is ideal for society. Â In the setting of government assistance financial matters, a result that is monetarily proficient is one that augments the size of the monetary worth pie that a market makes for society. Â In a financially proficient market result, there are no accessible Pareto upgrades to be made, and the result fulfills what is known as the Kaldor-Hicks measure. All the more explicitly, monetary productivity is a term commonly utilized in microeconomics while examining creation. Creation of a unit of merchandise is viewed as financially effective when that unit of products is delivered at the most reduced conceivable expense. Financial matters by Parkin and Bade give a valuable prologue to the distinction between monetary proficiency and innovative effectiveness: There are two ideas of proficiency: Technological effectiveness happens when it is preposterous to expect to expand yield without expanding inputs. Monetary effectiveness happens when the expense of creating a given yield is as low as possible.Technological productivity is a building matter. Given what is mechanically plausible, something should or can't be possible. Monetary proficiency relies upon the costs of the elements of creation. Something that is innovatively proficient may not be financially effective. In any case, something that is monetarily proficient is in every case innovatively effective. A key point to comprehend is the possibility that monetary effectiveness happens when the expense of delivering a given yield is as low as could be expected under the circumstances. Theres a shrouded presumption here, and that is the supposition that all else being equivalent. A change that brings down the nature of the great while simultaneously brings down the expense of creation doesn't increment financial proficiency. The idea of monetary proficiency is just applicable when the nature of products being created is unaltered.

How to Display Temperature and Humidity Using an Arduino and a DHT11 Humidity Sensor free essay sample

This section will be talked about the techniques and steps that utilized in this venture. Every one of the strategies that were utilized to accomplish this undertaking will be expressed and clarify quickly. The motivation behind the system is utilized to accomplish the target that have been stated.In this part, the product configuration is part to do the programming by utilizing the Arduino programming. The progression of the information transmission beginning from the perusing of the temperature and mugginess by utilizing the DHT11 sensor. At that point, the information will be handled by a microcontroller. It will be sent through the transmission of information by utilizing the 433MHz RF transmitter module. At the point when, the force flexibly is turned on, the 433MHz RF recipient module and the microcontroller prepared to acknowledge the information that have been transmitted. From that point forward, the information is sent by the Arduino microcontroller by means of a sequential port to the PC for showed the information. We will compose a custom article test on Instructions to Display Temperature and Humidity Using an Arduino and a DHT11 Humidity Sensor or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In view of the Figure 1 and Figure 2 it indicated the stream how it works.Hardware configuration comprises of two sections which is from here it will be clarified how the progression of the venture will be finished. For the initial segment as appeared in Figure 3 is the information get from the DHT11 sensor perusing, at that point the information will be transmitted by the 433MHz RF transmitter modules. While, for the subsequent part as appeared in Figure 4 is the information gotten through 433MHz RF recipient modules at that point sent by the Arduino PRO that associated with a PC for displayed.According to the stream that has been appeared above, here will be appended the association for the more clear view about this project.The produced information for this undertaking ought to be the equivalent with the hypothetical outcomes. Other than that, the aftereffects of this venture will be contrasted and the hypothetical outcomes, the diaries or book that have been found.

Benchmark - ECH-640 Lesson Plan Revision, Reflection, and Analysis Essay

Benchmark - ECH-640 Lesson Plan Revision, Reflection, and Analysis - Essay Example The learning assets that the educator utilizes and the techniques utilized in instructing and learning. The use of altered directions in instructing for the improvement of the learning procedure, the utilization of expert lead by the instructor all assume a significant job in managing the educator towards the effective entry of data to the understudies in the learning procedure. Applying these in teaching the understudies the various subjects running from the language instruction to arithmetic will result into effective usage of the instructive needs of the network. The arrangement will give an ability to know east from west to the instruction program and consequently simple accomplishment of the objectives of the training programs. The instructing of dialects requires the cognizance of a similar language in detail by the educator to give the precise direction expected to guarantee fruitful training programs. The arrangement of a top to bottom way to deal with educating in this field possibly demonstrate conceivable if the educator has the information on the language and is unquestionably in position to communicate with it. Through this information, the instructor effectively moves toward the training of the language. The educator finds the language increasingly alluring and simple to instruct to the understudies and advantages from their dynamic cooperation (Field, 2010). The dominance of the substance by the instructor gives a positive way to deal with passing the equivalent to the understudies subsequently the learning opportunity introduced to the understudies. The capacity of the educator to utilize the language makes it normal for their instruction of the understudies in the language. Science being a logical subject including significantly figurings requires a decent comprehension of the subject and legitimate anticipating the subjects to deal with. The comprehension of the subject gives the educator the certainty they have to effectively pass the

Terminator and the Matrix Essay Example

Eliminator and the Matrix Essay Example Eliminator and the Matrix Essay Eliminator and the Matrix Essay The word reference term for generalizing is a fixed picture or thought of a sort of individual or thing that is broadly held. Generalizing was exceptionally well known towards ladies before the 1980s. This was called sexism. Ladies were dealt with gravely for example there was discussion of an unreasonable impediment, this was a term used to depict how ladies were forestalled to arrive at top positions. Generalizing can be utilized in various manners. One route was in films, for example, Legally Blond and Miss Congeniality. The demonstration of generalizing in the film Legally Blond is the point at which a lady is depicted as a Barbie doll. At that point exploits her looks and uses it to get what she needs. Not long after she was at last, regarded or her mind than her decision of style. Anyway Miss Congeniality is known for an alternate and startling sort of generalizing. This time the principle character was indicated very masculine. Therefore she experienced a procedure of getting extremely ladylike. Those movies demonstrate that it may be troublesome however lady can do essentially whatever men can do. In the two movies the Terminator and the Matrix generalizing has been utilized as often as possible and conspicuously. For example in the film Terminator, Sarah Connor is spoken to as a run of the mill juvenile lady. This is uncovered the crowd when her lone outfits are generally pink. Rather than Sarah, Trinity has been spoken to characteristically also, anyway in the direct inverse of Sarah Connor. For instance she has been indicated masculine and chivalrous, this through the CGI which causes trinity to perform extraordinary forces. Likewise the decision of Trinitys name is amusing in light of the fact that it is very ladylike, which would be given to somebody who is womanly. Though toward the, start of the film Trinity seems to be a dim and secretive individual. This is parted with in various parts of he the film, for example, in the introduction the soundtrack is exceptionally tense and wiry. The executive additionally made the music quick and high tuned during the pursuit scene among Trinity and Mr Smith. This underlines the way that there is activity going on. The impact of this can let the watchers truly feel and envision what Trinity is thinking and doing. Following an alternate zone of the film the lighting uncovers a great deal about Trinitys character. While presenting the film it is extremely dim and creepy with a couple of spot lights from the policemens lights. This accomplishes the acquaintance of Trinity with be exceptionally dim and tense. It likewise gives the setting a terrifying environment; this edges the peruser to envision what, may occur straightaway. The lighting, too, is diminish in the principal shot of her. This demonstrates Trinity to be hermaphroditic; it makes a feeling of secret to what sex she is. Also, as it changes to a nearby shot of Trinity affirms that she is a lady. It likewise uncovers in that scene that she is quiet and in charge, despite the fact that there was many police officers with weapons directly behind her. Anyway she despite everything is by all accounts male/female through her decision of ensemble and make up. For example in a fix of Trinity she is wearing a P.V.C, dark feline suit which speaks to her quality and force. This is additionally communicated from the striking, solid shade of her dark garments. In any event, when she goes out, other than wearing a dress, she despite everything dresses somewhere around wearing similar hues and no adornments. This gives the crowd an impression of how full grown, autonomous and solid she is. She is, coincidently as the men around her, this shows the executive needed to introduce that Trinity is indistinguishable to any one else. Her characteristic utilization of make-up depicts her as a man, for example, the manner in which she generally has her hair tied back even in a club. This discloses to us that she doesnt look like shes attempting to intrigue or pull in any one. I figure the executive did this entire plain look of Trinity to make indivi duals perceive how various ladies have various characteristics. The embellishments utilized in the Matrix lets Trinity appear to be chivalrous. This done through CGI, PC create symbolism. One case of this is the point at which she could hop a significant distance, starting with one structure then onto the next. The CGI utilized in this is showing that gravity has no impact on trinity. Though the police officers pursuing her didnt even attempt to impersonate trinity since they knew it was inconceivable. This demonstrates Trinity can do aptitudes that men cannot do, not to mention abilities that are ludicrously impractical to people. Hence she is superhuman. For example Trinity utilizes her own forces as opposed to utilizing and depending on weapons, which is a difference to the cops. This gives the watchers a feeling that ladies can be more grounded than men. Another way that demonstrated Trinity to be courageous is when Trinity figures out how to escape a circumstance when she was going to surrender. By convincing and constraining her to defeat h er dread and continue. This will in all likelihood motivate ladies everywhere throughout the world to be much the same as her. Then again Sarah is a finished distinctive character to Trinity. This time, Sarah has been demonstrated distinctive in manners that are very hottest. Beginning of with the soundtrack, this was delicate in the presentation of Sarah Connor. I figure the chief did this with the goal that Sarah can go over honest and sweet practically like a youngster. Anyway as the watcher gets into the film the music changes into heart beat sound while Sarah strolls outside without anyone else around evening time. This gives a strained environment and causes you to feel as though something will occur. We likewise get the feeling that Sarah feels the equivalent, that is the reason she went into a dance club. Coincidently it has many individuals in it. The environment in the club was exceptionally jittery. It had quick music and blazing lights which uncovers how edgy Sarah may have felt. The way that she needs to go to a club shows she doesnt have enough certainty and the capacity to protect herself. Acc ordingly she is presented to be a powerless casualty. Anyway she likewise gives some insight since Sarah most likely realized that whoevers behind her has a less possibility of catching her in a crowed place. I think the executive utilized the lighting to cause Sarah to appear to be significantly increasingly elegant. For example, in one scene as she goes to work the lighting is brilliant and radiant. Additionally the music nearly seems like s agreement. This underlines Sarahs women's activist side. The chiefs choice of dress is, for example, in her activity, the hues utilized in Sarahs outfits are female. She continually sports pink for example the principal shot of her is in a delicate pink coat. This gives the impression of Sarah delicate, quiet and delicate. Her uniform is very scanty and pink too, which is certifiably not a unisex shading in this way the activity of holding up in a drive-through joint was frequently just implied for ladies additionally that Sarah doesnt mind. At long last her robe has animation characters, of the Jetsons, on it. This discloses to us that she is youthful and innocent. Besides she utilizes a ton of make-up. I know this from a scene where he includes mo re make-up no top of the make-up she as of now has on in light of the fact that she is going out. The entire picture of he was down with the goal that she depicted as a vault fair. Since this was made during the 1980s I think ladies were gone before that way. I n Sarahs case no embellishments were utilized this exhibit she is conventional, ordinary and simply like us. Anyway there were various courses in demonstrating what Sarah resembles. In the scene where Sarah is in a dance club she attempts to call somebody. I guess the telephone represents how frightened she is and how hysterical she is for help. Likewise the scene before she goes to work she converses with a sculpture, this emphasizes the point that she is adolescent and childlike. In the event that we analyze the two we discover that the two of them strife one another. Also, the two of them speak to their character in various manners, for example Trinity is demonstrated to be exceptionally autonomous and solid. For example, in a scene a cop is being belittles towards Trinity by saying whats one young lady going to do. This is amusing on the grounds that later on Trinity figures out how to safeguard herself. By assaulting about six police officers, which each had a firearm, and out run them to. Additionally in the club scene, when Trinity meets Neo, Neo is stunned to discover that Trinity was really a young lady. This is made known when he says youre Trinity? This is generalizing Trinitys capacities, which uncovers that Neo hushes up chauvinist, that he thinks just a vocation like breaking into PCs is finished by men. Sarahs character can be known in the scene where her beau dropped on her up however yet she didnt respond like an agitated sweetheart would do, this demonstrates a shortcoming to her character that she is excessively tolerant. It additionally appears the two of them live in equal universes. This features the purpose of how the world has changed from 1980 to the 1990s. Furthermore, how it has developed from ladies being generalized to them picking up the rights they merit.

Chernobyl :: essays research papers

Chernobyl      Chernobyl was the best atomic catastrophe of the twentieth century. On April 26th, 1986, one of four atomic reactors situated in the Soviet Union softened down and tainted an immense territory of Eastern Europe. The emergency, an aftereffect of human blunder, slipped by wellbeing precautionary measures, and absence of a regulation vessel, was scarcely contained by dropping sand and discharging gigantic measures of lethal radioactive isotopes into the climate. The subsequent sullying murdered or harmed countless individuals and crushed the earth. The effects of this mishap are as yet being felt today and will be felt for a long time into the future.      Nuclear power has consistently been a dubious issue in view of its intrinsic peril and the measure of waste that the plants produce. When thought about a generally sheltered structure for producing vitality, atomic force has messed more up than it has understood. While it has diminished the measure of conventional normal assets (petroleum derivatives), used to create power like coal, wood, and oil, atomic producing plants have become erroneous dates. Keeping up them and protecting them has become an issue of huge extent. As the plants age and other innovation opens up, how to manage these â€Å"eyesores† is an expending issue for some administration offices and natural gatherings. Nobody recognizes some solution for the issue and in numerous territories of the world, another atomic emergency is a dangerous situation. Notwithstanding a huge swath of wellbeing measures, a break in reactor pipe or a hole in a regulation vessel, could spell another natural fiasco fo r the world.      In expansion to the potential threats of mishaps in producing stations, atomic waste is a proceeding with issue that is developing exponentially. Atomic waste can stay radioactive for around 600 years and arranging these squanders or putting away them is a massive issue. Everybody needs the vitality produced by power plants, however nobody needs to assume liability for the waste. Up to this point, it is put away somewhere down in the earth, yet these capacity regions are possibly hazardous and will in the end run out. Some have proposed sending the loss into space, yet nobody makes certain of the repercussions.      Nuclear power plants ought to be disassembled and supplanted with more secure vitality creating sources.

Argument Essay - Illegalize Alcohol Essay Example for Free

Contention Essay Illegalize Alcohol Essay Our nation is confronting a developing issue. It is an issue of good rot. The legitimate and open utilization of liquor is a superfluous bad habit that is delighted in and acknowledged by a larger part of the United States populace, shockingly, it prompts social and good defeats. Liquor ought to be held to indistinguishable guidelines from other unlawful brain and body-adjusting substances, as liquor is irresistible and has no clinical worth. Officials and dynamic voters should put an out and out restriction on liquor. The income that is produced from the assembling, disseminating, and deals of liquor is a significant wellspring of available salary that is an advantage. Starting at 2007 the U. S. Government was gathering $5. 6 billion dollars every year from the tax assessment from liquor (joshritchie). This income has would in general increment every single year. Despite the fact that the income is significant, the inquiry must be posed, is it moral? Is it moral for our administration to benefit off the offer of a negligible bad habit that causes fatalities and makes addicts? The income that is produced using the tax collection from liquor could be lost, and would just expand our endless national obligation by a miniscule sum. Since forever our nation has confronted a few social pandemics that have brought about numerous individuals turning out to be substance abusers. Despite the fact that these occasions our administration has stepped in and implemented laws to reestablish the good and social texture of the contaminated zones. The present pestilence that we are confronting is the maltreatment of liquor. It is across the board and accessible wherever in our nation. â€Å"According to the Alcohol-Related Disease Impact (ARDI) instrument, from 2001â€2005, there were around 79,000 passings yearly owing to over the top liquor use. † (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Beyond the quantity of the passings that are identified with liquor consistently, an amazing number of individuals in the United States are drunkards. As indicated by the National Library of Medicine, â€Å"nearly 17. 6 million grown-ups in the United States are heavy drinkers or have liquor problems†. (U. S. National Library of Medicine) We have to totally boycott liquor with the goal that we can begin dealing with diminishing the quantity of addicts in our nation instead of urge the utilization to everyone similarly as the individual turns a particular age. The United States government has just attempted to boycott liquor before, it was a finished disappointment and therefore revoked. This endeavor brought about a spike in sorted out wrongdoing and was a conspicuous disappointment. In the end the administration surrendered and re-legitimized the utilization of liquor. I also will yield that it was a disappointment with respect to our legislature in authorizing the denial of liquor. Indeed, even today we are taking on precisely the same conflict by the DEA with the Controlled Substances Act. There is as of now a considerable rundown of illicit substances that are given needs and plans and are thusly upheld. It would not be a stretch to join liquor into this rundown of illicit medications. Many would attest that it is hard to uphold the insignificant utilization and assembling of modest quantities of liquor by people in there own homes. It is an extremely basic procedure to either blend low liquor content beverages or to distil higher liquor content spirits. The authorizing of these laws would be like current laws of cannabis development. These laws would appear to be similarly as difficult to authorize, yet they are implemented. The assembling of natively constructed liquor could be given a similar dread of discipline and could be upheld on episode to-occurrence bases. Liquor tends to build the likelihood of somebody carrying out a savage wrongdoing. In the event that liquor were restricted and harder to take a few to get back some composure of this number of violations would significantly reduce. The National Center for Victims of Crime has referenced the U. S. Division of Justice concerning medication and liquor related violations. The report states, â€Å"The U. S. Division of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey asks the fierce wrongdoing casualties who revealed seeing their guilty parties whether they saw the wrongdoer to be affected by medications or liquor. As per the 1999 review, over a fourth of the brutal wrongdoing casualties could make such an assurance. Around twenty-eight percent (28%) of those announced that the wrongdoer was affected by liquor and additionally tranquilizes. The most widely recognized substance distinguished was liquor alone. Around sixteen percent (16%) detailed that the wrongdoer was affected by liquor alone (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001). † (The National Center for Victims of Crime) This solitary considers the casualties that had the option to see their wrongdoer; this implies there are conceivably more unaccounted for liquor related violations. The legitimate and open utilization of liquor as a bad habit is prompting the ruin of our general public. It is making addicts while not offering a solitary down to earth health advantage. The United States Government has just contributed time, cash, and exertion to authorizing its Controlled Substances Act. Liquor ought to be held to indistinguishable norms from all other genuinely modifying substances are held to. Liquor represents the danger of reliance and has no useful clinical worth. So as to begin the ethical texture of our nation we have to get rid of the wrongdoing actuating substance liquor. Officials and dynamic voters, it is our obligation to hold our selves to better expectations and totally cancel the assembling, deal, and utilization of liquor. Works Cited Alcoholism: MedlinePlus. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. 25 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/liquor abuse. html. CDC Alcohol and Public Health Home Page Alcohol. Habitats for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://www. cdc. gov/liquor/. Medication Related Crime. The National Center for Victims of Crime. 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. http://www. ncvc. organization/ncvc/principle. aspx? dbName=DocumentViewerDocumentID=32348. Joshritchie. The amount Is the Government Making Off of Alcohol? | Tax Break: The TurboTax Blog. Tax cut: The TurboTax Blog | Its about the Refund. 5 July 2010. Web. 01 Dec. 2011. http://blog. turbotax. intuit. com/2010/07/05/what amount is-the-administration mak

The Fall of the Roman Empire Sample Essay

The Fall of the Roman Empire Sample Essay The Roman Empire occupies a distinct place in human history, as academic, scientific, philosophic, artistic, and other contributions made it one of the greatest civilizations ever. Stretching from westerns borders of present-day Europe to eastern Asia and northern Africa, the Empire boosted human development on a large territory with major historic events of that time associated with Ancient Rome. The empire’s rule lasted from 753 B. C. to 1453, although, in fact, Rome lost its power and authority a thousand years earlier. Indeed, the fall of Rome year is attributed to 476, when it was defeated by Germans (Heather, 2007). The scholarly community lacks consensus regarding the exact date of the fall of Rome, since some historians claim that the rule of the empire terminated in 395. It was the year when the Empire clashed into western and eastern parts and stopped uniting people of Europe, Asia, and Africa under a unified mandate. Another version concerns the fall of the city of Rome in 410, which ended its 800-year experience of being the center of the Roman governance. Similarly, the exact date of the empire’s foundation is subject to infinite debates. Hence, the rise and fall of the Roman Empire timeline is complex, which allows an ambiguous interpretation of these historic facts. In the pursuit to clarifying the issue, one need to answer the questions, when did the Roman Empire start, how did it contribute to modern science and art, and why did that brilliant civilization fall. The foundation of the city of Rome in 753 B. C. laid the ground for the rise and development of the Roman civilization (Markel, 2013). After a sequence of governance by seven Roman kings, Romans developed a constitution and established a new rule. The elected senate was appointed to perform governance over the newly established republic. The constitutional rule lasted for several centuries until Julius Caesar took the sole control and authority of Rome in 45 B. C. After Caesar’s assassination, Rome entered the era of emperor’s rule with the self-appointment of Octavius as the first leader of the empire. For around three subsequent hundred years since that, the Roman Empire had only expanded its power and authority in Europe gradually moving from the west to the east. By conquering new lands and people, it enforced significant changes in those societies, cultures, and communities. The Roman conquest of Greece in ancient times is believed to influence not only the political independence, but also the socio-cultural life of Greece, which was evolving in its withdrawal from the divine-driven rule. For about two hundred years, Greece was exposed to the rule of Gods commonly referred to as the Greek Gold Age date. Described through five Ages of the Gods’ governance and life on earth, the period was characterized by harmony, prosperity, peace, and stability. That period of good and noble existence as discussed in the Greek mythology experienced a decline by the arrival of Romans. The annexation of the Greek peninsula by the Empire destructed the last remnants of the Golden Age culture in Greece, as the conquerors imposed its values, traditions, and regulations. However, the inclusion of Greece into the content of the Roman Empire produced a detrimental effect on the latter. For centuries of its governance, Roman rulers relied on the ideological support of polytheistic religion. The advent of Christianity in Greece challenged the religious doctrine of Rome as well as the overall public worldview. Given credit to Greece giving the origin to Christianity, one may attribute the conquest of Greece to fall of the Roman Empire causes. The rise and spread of Christianity influenced the Roman ruling in terms of cultural, social, and political domains. Despite severe persecutions by Rome, Christianity occupied a solid position and authority in the ancient society steadily becoming the main religion of the Roman Empire. In a while, Christianity was granted with the sole religious authority in the empire, which strengthened social and political tensions within it. In the end, the large-scale empire clashed into the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. The split strengthened problems faced by Rome for centuries while weakening its ability to cope with them. Christianity produced a drastic impact on traditional values of the Roman Empire displacing the traditional religious doctrine of Rome. Furthermore, for centuries before Christianity, the Roman Empire had led an aggressive foreign policy, which required substantial military spending. Along with the government corruption, overinvestment in military caused severe financial crisis in the Roman Empire. Besides, the invasions by the foreign tribes contributed to social, economic, and political instability within the empire. The rise of Christianity affected the military policy of the Roman Empire, which led to the arrival of foreign soldiers in emperor’s legions traditionally constituted by Romans solely. Foreign recruiters expressed low loyalty to the Empire, which reflected in their frequent performance against interests of the empire. When the Roman Empire lost its eastern part in 395, it faced a variety of problems and numerous enemies, both internal and external, alone, which streamlined the successive fall of Rome. The timeline after the fall of Rome, however, covered another thousand years of the great civilization known as Byzantine Empire. Called after the ancient Greek colony, the Byzantine rule was established in Constantinople. After the clash of the Western Rome, its eastern counterpart survived for about eleven centuries gaining its own fame in the human history. The key Byzantine Empire facts include the birth and spread of Greek Orthodox Christianity, original Byzantine cuisine, which has not lost its popularity today, and a rapid economic development, which boosted development in science, art, architecture, and trade. Strategic geopolitical location of the empire and the wise ruling of Justinian I allowed Byzantium to reach an unprecedented wealth and prosperity in the world in the period from 500 to 1200. The fall of Eastern Roman Empire occurred in 1453 when Ottoman Turks conquered Byzantium and renamed Constantinople in Istanbul. References Heather, P., 2007. The fall of the Roman Empire: A new history of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Markel, R. J., 2013. The fall of the Roman Empire. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, MN: Twenty-First Century Books.

An Analytical Report On Wesfield Incorporation Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Establishment: It was founded in 1903 in Georgia as a manufacturing of disposable paper cones for the growing textile industry. Employees: Westfield employed more than 1000 person in operations throughout the United States. Position: Westfield was the leading manufacturing of paper tubes for the paper industry, the 3rd largest manufacturing of composite cans, and one of the largest users of west paper. Conversion to packaging company: Westfield was a paper company but through accusations and internal development, it was now (in 1986) disrobed as a packaging company. The company was moving into plastic packaging with the production of plastic containers to complement the composite can product line. Composite cans Project Composite can are manufactured from convolutedly or spirally owned plies of paperboard with labels and liners of foil, plastic or paper. The major advantage of composite cans is that they offered definite cost advantage. For can manufacturers, they were less expensive to fabricate than material and glass container. The composite cans could be produced at a rate of 24000 per hour. No proprietary technology was employed in the manufacture of composite cans. Companies competed on quality, service, and packaging innovation. Price was already low less than one half can per cent. There was little room for price wars. Packaging innovation was either developed internally or at the instance of a customer. Customers allows try to introduce their product at a differentiated form. So as to insure competitive advantage then other competitors and to insure cost saving. The outside packaging was usually the first thing the consumer saw of the product were making the decision of which the product to buy. The package had to be easily filed and functional in holding the product without product without package or product deterioration. The composite can satisfied a majority of these characteristics requirement. It met customers need for a strong, lightweight alternative to metal and glass containers and could take advantage of high speed filling equipment with minimal changeover cost. Criteria of project selection When any project is evaluated, Westfield maintains the following criteria: 1) Westfield requires a 15% after tax return on investment. 2) Pricing should cover the following cost: variable and manufacturing cost, plant fix ed cost, marketing, technical and administrative cost (MTA), and recovery of initial capital outlay. 3) Westfield used a straight line depreciation period of eight years and allocated MTA as 5 percent of net sales. 4) Account receivable and inventory averaged 25% days of sales and 50 day of cost of goods sold, respectively. Critical Analysis of the Project People: Every organization is the group of people striving to achieve common goal. People are the blood of every organization. So it is very important to select good and effective people those can achieve the organizations goal. This people must be directed by the efficient leader. By analyzing people composition of the company is quite good. It is the third largest company of its industry. It is lead by right people. Project management: A successful Project Manager must effectively manage the resources assigned to the project. This includes the labor hours of the designers, the builders, the testers and the inspect ors on the project team. It also includes managing any labor subcontracts. However, managing project resources frequently involves more than people management. The project manager must also manage the equipment used for the project and the material needed by the people and equipment assigned to the project. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ People: Project employees, vendor staff, subcontract labor ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Equipment: Cranes, trucks, backhoes, other heavy equipment or Development, test, and staging servers, CD burners or Recording studio, tape decks, mixers, microphones and speakers. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Material: Concrete, pipe, rebar, insulation or CD blanks, computers, jewel cases, instruction manuals. Managing the people resources means having the right people, with the right skills and the proper tools, in the right quantity at the right time. It also means ensuring that they know what needs to be done, when, and how. And it means motivating them to take ownership in the project too. Team leadership: Team leadership differs from traditional top-down leadership in the following ways: Responsibility for group effectiveness is not on the leaders shoulders but is shared by the group. Control over the final decision is not held by the leader but is best left to the group. The importance of ones position and power are de-emphasized in team leadership. The leader perceives the group not as a set of individuals but as an interacting and collective team. The task-oriented functions of the team are not performed only by the leader but are shared by the entire group through its new roles. Group maintenance functions are not performed systematically but are emphasized and shared by the group as a whole. Socioemotional processes and interactions, while mostly ignored by leaders in top-down settings, are observed closely by team leaders. Expressions of members needs and feelings are not discourag ed but are encouraged by team leaders and are dealt with openly in meetings. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Westfield was the leading manufacturer of paper tubes for the paper industry. It is the 3rd largest manufacture of composite cans and one of the largest users of waste paper. Price is lower each cans at one and half cent The major advantage of composite cans was that they offered definite cost advantages. Weakness: Packaging innovation was either developed internally or at the instance of a customer. Historically Westfield was thought of as strictly a paper company Opportunities: Westfield had just licensed a plastics forming process, The plastic package was an attractive substitute for composite cans. Plastic packaging provided a functional solution to a long problem. Composite can satisfy the customer demand for convenient, reasonable packaging. Plastic would give Westfield a proprietary technological competitive advantage and provide i ts customer with a container that Westfields competitors could not offer. Threats The composite cans market had been threatened by alternative packaging type, principally plastic. If the plastic technology cannot be introduced portfolio in the market, the competitors will take the advantage of sneaking market share of Westfield. Take the more effective plasticak technology in time. Competitors can be more effective plastitek technology before the implementation of Westfield technology. As a result the Westfield expected market share can significantly fall. Risk Analysis Business risk Business risk is the uncertainty of income flows caused by the nature of a firms business. The more uncertain the income flows of the firm, the more uncertain the income flows to the investors. Business risk depends on a number of factors that are as follows Demand variability: The more stable the demand for a firms products, other things held constant, the lower its busine ss risk. Sales Variability Variability of Net Income Sales price variability: Firms whose products are sold in highly volatile markets are exposed to more business risk than similar firms whose output prices are more stable. Input cost variability: Firms whose input costs are highly uncertain are exposed to a high degree of business risk. Ability to adjust output prices for changes in input costs: Some firms are better able than others to raise their own output prices when input costs rise. The greater the ability to adjust output prices to reflect cost condition, the lower the business risk. Ability to develop new products in a timely, cost effective manner: Firms in such high-tech industries as drugs and computers depend on a constant stream of new products. The faster its products become obsolete, the greater firms businesses risk. Foreign risk exposure: Firms that generate a high percentage of their earnings overseas are subject to earnings declines due to e xchange rate fluctuations. Also, if a firm operates in a politically unstable area, it may be subject to political risk. The extent to which cost are fixed (operating leverage): If a high percentage of its costs are fixed, hence do not decline when demand falls, then the firm is exposed to a relatively high degree of business risk. This factor is called operating risk. Financial risk Financial risk is the uncertainty introduced by the method by which the firm finances its assets. If a firm uses only common stock to finance assets, it incurs only business risk. If in addition to using common stock, a firm borrows money to finance investments, it must pay fixed financing charges prior to providing income to the owners. Presently west field, Inc debt is low in so it incurs less financial risk but when the company will go for higher debt to capital structure then it will raise the financial risk. Financial Leverage: Financial leverage is created by sources of financing th at have fixed costs such as primarily debt requiring interest payments, preferred stock which obligates the company to make preferred dividend payments, leases which requires specified lease payments. These financing costs effects the companys EPS in the same way that operating fixed cost effects EBIT. The more fixed charge financing the firm uses, the more leverage it will have. The degree of financial leverage is calculated as: The degree of financial leverage reflects the leverage in the firm that is due to the firms financing policy. The effect of financial leverage is to magnify changes in EBIT into larger changes in EPS. The British expression of financial leverage is gearing. DuPont Analysis The importance of ROE as an indicator of performance makes it desirable to divide the ratio into several components that provide insight into the causes of a firms ROE or any changes in it. This breakdown of ROE into components ratios is generally referred to as the Dupont syste m. To begin, ROE ratio can be broken down into two ratios- net profit margin and equity turnover. Net Income Sales Total Assets  ¸  ¸ Total Debt Total Assets  ¸ Asset Turnover Profit Margin Financial Plan Return on Assets  ¸ (1-Debt/Assets) Return on Assets Return on Equity  ´ = From the figure we can see that Westfields return on equity was 18.29 % in year 1981 and after that return on equity decreased to 13.14 % in 1982 and 14.18% in year 1983. But after that ROE increases and in year 1985 ROE increased to 16.9%. Qualitative Judgment Price -Quality- Service Relationship If Westfield can ensure better quality service than other competitors it can charge little bit higher price. Competitive advantage Plastitek would give Westfield a proprietary technological competitive advantage and provide its customers with a container that Westfields competitors could not offer. Market Share Westfield already holding 23% market share of the total FCJ market. As their strategy in case of plastitek is proactive rather than reactive, so it has an opportunity to charge a higher price. Findings If Westfield launch Plastitek at the prevailing price of composite cans it can earn after tax ROI of 12.5% over the estimated eight year life of the projec t. If the projects life is stretched for further two years past its eight year estimated life it can earn on an average ROI of 13.67% over the life of the project. To meet the target after tax ROI of 15% Westfield would have to charge a price of $53.75 per thousand units that is $ 1.41 ( $ 53.75-$ 52.34) higher than the prevailing price of composite cans. NPV of the Plastitek project (at the prevailing price of composite cans For the estimated eight year life $ 847.39 thousands For 2 years past estimated eight year life $2394.57 thousands 5. IRR of the Plastitek project (at the prevailing price of the composite can) For the estimated eight year life 18.9% For 2 years past estimated eight year life 21.39% 6. NPV of the Plastitek project (at the new price of $ 53.75 per thousands) For the estimated eight year life $ 2763.29 thousands For 2 years past estimated eight year life $4514.86 thousands 7. IRR of the Plastitek project ( at the new price of $53.75 thousands) For the estimated eight year life 18.9% For 2 years past estimated eight year life 21.39% Recommendation Composite can project should be replaced by innovative Plastitek technology and will charge a price of $ 53.75 per thousands of cans. Besides this some significant recommendations are given below: Westfield should increase the employee cohesiveness by facilitating various social campaigns inside the organization. Management process should segmented in small groups and delegating authority to this small group to influence innovation. Besides management innovation technological innovation should bring to fulfill the customer needs and demand. Though financial condition of the firm is good more dynamic decision should bring in to accelerate their growth. Justification Targeted after tax ROI could be ensured with charging little bit higher price or premium of $ 1.41 than prevailing price (per thousand cans) to make the project economically feasible. Expected NPV with different scenarios is positive. Expected NPV with additional risk and inflation adjusted WACC is positive. The premium adjusted price that has ensured the targeted return would be quite possible because of Quality services provided by west field Introduction of innovative packaging system that would enhance price level through differentiating customers product than other competitors via increasing demand for Westfields plastitek packaging system. The tendency of moving toward plastic packaging of the industries that could provide the opportunity of price premium via increasing demand. IRR is higher than risk and inflation adjusted WACC Conclusion It could be expected that projects are managed and therefore that management theory would apply to the management of projects but this research has revealed that the commercial nature of the origin of management and the industrial nature of the origin o f projects has kept these two theories on separate paths. Of particular interest has been the discovery that neither management nor project management, despite their importance to society and longevity of application, have to date not been ascribed professional status. That is to say no formal accredited body represents the profession in either case. If one is to consider that these two occupations are responsibly for practically all of wealth production and consumption, then greater is the surprise that no governing body exists.

Techniques For Writing a Reaction Paper

Techniques For Writing a Reaction PaperThe techniques for writing a reaction paper will vary depending on the nature of the event, your specific audience, and the nature of the essay. If you are addressing the theme of anger and outrage, then there are specific techniques to help you determine how to construct your paper. If you are addressing the topic of anger and self-respect, then there are other techniques.There are many different reactions that you can write about. While there are many ways to frame the essay, you must ensure that the reaction you are writing about is one that you can accept and respect. Every good essay should be passionate and natural.In writing your paper, one of the approaches method that is typical is to take the topic of the paper and then present it in the order that the subject came up. The object of the paper is to provide a chronology of events and provide commentary on the reaction. These chronologies and analyses are useful for giving one a good bac kground on the events and that you can be sure that one's arguments will be well thought out. In a classroom setting, students will see the outline and quickly be able to pick up on where the argument is leading.Thinking of the essay as a contest will also allow you to set the pace of the essay. You can change the pace with just a few changes to your argument. If the topic of the essay is hatred, change the tone of your argument to become more positive. If the topic is anger, then you can simply remove the strong emotion that comes with the anger and use it to set the tone of the entire essay. This can also be used to prompt the student to think of other alternatives that can be utilized.Using a point-of-view is an important element in any kind of essay, whether it is on how to write a reaction paper on world hunger or how to write a reaction paper on the recent Japan earthquake. It is always useful to leave some room for interpretation and reflection. You do not need to identify yo ur angle or opinion at the beginning of the paper. It is important to leave the direction of the paper open, as it will allow you to present your thoughts in a variety of ways.One point to keep in mind is that you need to be careful not to misrepresent yourself. While some people may go too far in describing their viewpoint, others are more honest. If the audience can see the anger, they will know the essence of your viewpoint.To conclude, there are many ways to write a reaction paper. Although there are many ways to go about it, the following strategies will help you write your paper without blowing your argument out of proportion.

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders

Black widow spiders are feared for their potent venom, and rightfully so, to some degree. But much of what you think is true about the black widow is probably more myth than fact. Interesting Things About Black Widow Spiders These 10 fascinating facts about black widow spiders will teach you how to identify them, how they behave, and how to minimize your risk of being bitten. Widow spiders arent always black When most people talk about the black widow spider, they likely think theyre referring to a particular spider species. But in the U.S. alone, there are three different kinds of black widows (northern, southern, and western). And although we tend to refer to all members of the genus Lactrodectus as black widows, widow spiders arent always black. There are 31 species of Lactrodectus spiders worldwide. In the U.S., these include a brown widow and a red widow. Only adult female black widows inflict dangerous bites Female widow spiders are larger than males. It is believed, therefore, that female black widows can penetrate vertebrate skin more effectively than males and inject more venom when they bite. Nearly all medically significant black widow bites are inflicted by female spiders. Male widow spiders and spiderlings are rarely a cause for concern, and some experts even say they dont bite. Black widow females rarely eat their mates Lactrodectus spiders are widely thought to practice sexual cannibalism, where the smaller male is sacrificed after mating. In fact, this belief is so widespread the term black widow has become synonymous for femme fatale, a kind of seductress who lures men with the intention of bringing harm to them. But studies show that such behavior is actually quite rare in widow spiders in the wild, and even uncommon among captive spiders. Sexual cannibalism is actually practiced by quite a few insects and spiders and is not unique to the often maligned black widow. Most (but not all) widow spiders can be identified by a red hourglass marking Nearly all black widow females bear a distinct hourglass-shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen. In most species, the hourglass is bright red or orange, in sharp contrast to its shiny black abdomen. The hourglass may be incomplete, with a break in the middle, in certain species like the northern black widow (Lactrodectus variolus). However, the red widow, Lactrodectus bishopi, does not have an hourglass marking, so be mindful that not all widow spiders are identified by this feature. Black widow spiderlings look nothing like the black and red spiders we recognize as black widows Widow spider nymphs are mostly white when they hatch from the egg sac. As they undergo successive molts, the spiderlings gradually darken in color, from tan to gray, usually with white or beige markings. Female spiderlings take longer to reach maturity than their brothers but eventually turn dark black and red. So that drab, pale little spider you found just might be a widow spider, albeit an immature one. Black widows make cobwebs Black widow spiders belong to the spider family Theridiidae, commonly called the cobweb spiders. These spiders, black widows included, construct sticky, irregular silk webs to ensnare their prey. Members of this spider family are also referred to as comb-foot spiders because they have a row of bristles on their back legs to help them wrap silk around their prey. But no need to worry. Although they are closely related to the house spiders building cobwebs in the corners of your home, black widows rarely come indoors. Female black widows have poor eyesight Black widows rely on their silk webs to see whats going on around them because they cant see very well. The black widow female usually hides in a hole or crevice and builds her web as an extension of her hiding spot. From the safety of her retreat, she can feel the vibrations of her web when either prey or predator comes in contact with the silk threads. Male widow spiders looking for mates use this to their advantage. The male black widow will cut and rearrange the females web, making it difficult for her to sense whats happening, before carefully approaching her to mate. Black widow venom is 15 times as toxic as that of the prairie rattlesnake Widow spiders do pack a powerful punch of neurotoxins in their venom. By volume, Lactrodectus venom is an extremely toxic mix of poisons capable of causing muscle cramps, severe pain, hypertension, weakness and sweating in bite victims. But black widow spiders are significantly smaller than rattlesnakes, and theyre built for subduing other small invertebrates, not large mammals like people. When a black widow spider bites a person, the volume of neurotoxins injected in the victim is small.   Black widow spider bites are rarely fatal Although black widow bites can be painful and require medical treatment, they are very rarely fatal.  In fact, the majority of black widow bites cause only mild symptoms, and many bite victims dont even realize they were bitten. In a review of over 23,000 documented Lactrodectus envenomation cases that occurred in the U.S. from 2000 to 2008, the study authors noted that not a single death occurred as a result of a black widow bite. Only 1.4% of bite victims suffered major effects of black widow venom. Before the invention of indoor plumbing, most black widow bites occurred in outhouses Black widows dont often invade homes, but they do like to inhabit human-built structures like sheds, barns, and outhouses. And unfortunately for those who lived before the water closet was commonplace, black widows like to retreat under the seats of outdoor privies, perhaps because the smell attracts so many delicious flies for them to catch. Men who use pit toilets should be aware of this disturbing little factoid – most black widow bites are inflicted on penises, thanks to their tendency to dangle threateningly into the black widows territory beneath the seat. A 1944 case study published in the Annals of Surgery noted that, of 24 black widow bite cases reviewed, eleven bites were on the penis, one was on the scrotum, and four were on the buttocks. A full 16 of the 24 victims were bitten while sitting on the toilet. Sources Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Significance, 6th edition, by Jerome Stoddard.Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitey Cranshaw and Richard Redak.The Black Widow Spider, by Karen M. Vail, Carl Jones, and Harry Williams, University of Tennessee. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, Occupational Safety and Health Administration fact sheet, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, North Carolina State University. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow and Other Widow Spiders, University fo California IPM Program. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Black Widow, Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Genus Lactrodectus – Widow Spiders, Bugguide.net. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Treatment of Black Widow Spider Envenomation with Antivenin Latrodectus Mactans: A Case Series, by S. R. Offerman, G. P. Daubert, and R. F. Clark. The Permanente Journal,  15(3), 7 6–81 (2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015.A US Perspective of SymptomaticLatrodectus  spp. Envenomation and Treatment: A National Poison Data System Review, by Andrew A. Monte, Becki Bucher-Bartelson, and Kennon J. Heard. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 45(12), 1491-1498 (December 2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider Bite, by H. T. Kirby-Smith.  Annals of Surgery, 115(2), 249–257 (1942).

World War I And The Great War - 2441 Words

Background info - World War 1 began in the early 20th century from the year 1914 to the year 1918. The period covered over four months with many changes which came with it besides many lives being lost. World War I began as a European conflict, only gradually did it develop into a world war. The growing tensions between the European countries were caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Also involving conflicts of the Balkan wars and the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. World War 1 began in the early 20th century from the year 1914 to the year 1918. The period covered over four months with many changes which came with it besides many lives being lost. World War I began as a European conflict, only gradually did it develop into a world war (Ross, 6). The growing tensions between the European countries were caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. World War I was often referred to as The Great War. It began in 1914 and ended in 1918. Ame rica witnessed much devastation in this time period. In these four years alone nearly 9 million people died and millions more were maimed, crippled, grief stricken, or psychologically scarred (Coetzee, 11). World War I is considered by some, the first man-made catastrophe of the twentieth century. Hypothesis - What might have been the most significant factor or event to have contributed to the outbreak of a world war in 1914? COULD THE ASSASSINATION OF ONE MAN BE ENOUGH TO CAUSE A WAR? TheShow MoreRelatedThe Great War : World War I894 Words   |  4 Pages The Great War: World War I World War I, otherwise known as the Great War, began as a small battle that eventually developed into a prodigious uproar between several countries. WWI’s beginnings are controversial and historians throughout the world have several theories about the destructive event. Said to be one of the most disastrous and ruinous struggles between nations, The Great War lasted from July 1914 until November 1918. Referred to as a World War because of the global participation andRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1472 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I was usually suggested to as The Great War. The war began sometime in 1914 and lasted four years, ending in 1918. America endorsed, in this era, a great amount of devastation. Throughout those four years alone approximately nine million casualties occurred and in addition millions more were mutilated, grief-stricken, handicapped, or traumatized. World War I is referred to by some, the first catastrophe, man-made, of the twentieth century. Many historians continue to contemplate the essentialRead MoreThe Great War Of World War I1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great War also considered to be World War I, although not initially named that due to not knowing that there would have been a second one. The war lasted from 1914-1918 and was one of the most violent wars known to history. Before war broke out many of these countries were flourishing economically and wanting to advance their country. During this time period many of the countries were unified and if there was one country that were to engage in war with one then it would cause a major war. ARead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1004 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War I or the Great War as it became known, occurred due to many causes, some of which are still unknown. The obvious trigger was the assassination of the heir to the AustriaHungarian throne archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on the twenty-eighth of June 1914. But a great portion of the cause dealt with past disputes between the Great Powers and such aggressive principles as Nationalism: the strong feeling of pride and devotion to one s country, Imperialism: the domination of one countryRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1249 Words   |  5 PagesWhenever you come across World War I, don’t you ever deeply think about how it all started? Who would have known that just 2 pulls of a trigger could have triggered a demoralizing World War? World War I, also known as â€Å"The Great War,† was a war that primarily took place in Europe. It officially started on the 28th of July in 1914 and it unexpectedly lasted until the 11th of November in 1918 (about 4 years). The most predominant countries that fought in this war include Great Britain, France, RussiaRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1147 Words   |  5 Pagesperspective of being the First World War, it truly lived to the name of â€Å"The Great War†. While no war is ever simple, this one was very complex for its time. It was a vast war with a revolutionary impact on military advances. The end result of the war, catastrophic. It was a conflict on a global scale that later involved over thirty nations. If anything it was a war on politics, and really illuminates what poor political stamina can result in. 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Franz Ferdinand was the arch duke of Austrian-Hungarian Empire and was considered as the heir of the Empires monarchy throne. However there was many other factors that caused world war one. Alliances which is an agreement be tween two or more countries which gives help if oneRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1196 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom this 20th century time period under the influence of mass media. World War I, or the Great War, was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. It was a war sparked by militarism, alliance, imperialism, and nationalism. However it’s affliction laid the groundwork for post war prosperity. Nearly all social classes felt its benefits. Workers rights improved, taxes were lowered, technology advanced, and industry boomed. The war was brutal and the roaring twenties were a chance for the United StatesRead MoreWorld War I And The Great War1509 Words   |  7 Pagespower. World War I, also known as the Great War was the outcome of many tensions and a sequence of calamitous incidents that plunged Europe into a disaster zone. Due to the use of the machine gun and trench warfare, most of the war was a battle of attrition between the â€Å"Triple Alliance† and the â€Å"Triple Entente†. Millions of people fought and died in this war, among them thousands of Canadians. There have been many attempts to reconstruct experiences and battles of the First World War in prose

10 Study Skills for Non-Traditional Students

Issues Concerned With Developing Oversea Operations Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2887 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The report summarises the issues arising when KW DT Ltd is trying to establish its operations in an overseas destination. The report briefly describes the issues for chosen Location Singapore. The advantages of choosing Singapore as a location are covered. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Issues Concerned With Developing Oversea Operations Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The issues covered include the differences in the accounting standards across countries. The accounting differences will include the estimation and consideration of various risks such as translation and transaction exposure. Also issues of taxation and transfer pricing need to be addressed. In addition, for starting a new branch, it is of utmost importance that the cultural differences be patched up. For this it becomes imperative to understand the cultural differences first. The aspect has been briefly touched upon. Objective To understand the accounting and other issues which will arise and which must be considered when developing an overseas operation in locations selected amongst Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea. Introduction KW DT Ltd, until now has been operating from Australia. It has been invoicing primarily in Australian Dollars and hence it has not been exposed much to the risks of fluctuations in the exchange rates. However, when it is considering establishing itself in other countries, it will have to face several issues. These will include the accounting issues such as differences in standards and procedures, the risks due to currency fluctuations and the taxation issues. In addition, KW DT Ltd will also have to consider the legal procedures for setting up a unit in a foreign destination where the legal procedures will be different from Australia. Lastly, due to differences in culture, the people management has to be handled tactically. Prudence lies in an understanding of these issues so that appropriate measures can be taken. Location Chosen Singapore is ranked 1st in the world in the ease of doing business by the World Bank. The report describes the issues and concerns if KW DT ltd decides to set up a branch in Singapore (World Bank Site). On the same parameters, Australia ranks 9. Advantages of Setting up a branch in Singapore For KW DT Ltd, setting up a branch in foreign country should basically provide three most important benefits. Succinctly stated these would be Strong Foothold in International Markets Cost advantage Tax benefits Singapore provides advantage in all the three aspects Foothold in International Markets Singapore is strategically located. It has access to most international markets. It is an integral part of the ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations). Hence enjoys trade relations with several markets both inter region and intra region. In addition the maritime routes enable Singapore an important destination. Setting up a branch in Singapore will definitely help KW DT ltd expand rapidly. Cost Advantage Singapore has efficient, hardworking labour available at relatively low cost. Hence the prospect of setting up a branch seems more lucrative. Tax Advantages The tax regime in Singapore is highly conducive for the corporate. The Income taxes as well as the corporate tax are low compared to several other nations. The tax rates shall be detailed further down the report. Although there are several benefits in setting up a branch in Singapore, there are also several issues and risks that need to be addressed. Some of the important ones include Accounting Differences Accounting standards differ across different countries. The differences occur due to following of accounting standards established by the supreme authority of the country. Singapore has modelled its accounting standards to match the IFRS. Whereas, the accounting standard followed in Australia happens to follow Australian Accounting Standards. Currency Exposure (Bennett, 2006) Until the firm was invoicing in Australian dollars, it was not facing currency risk. However, now that the branch is being set up in Singapore and its earnings will be in Singapore dollars, it will face currency risk. Currency exposure will include Foreign currency terms denominated in the balance sheet Actual, physical purchases and sales of goods and services which have yet to be involved Contracted purchases and sales such as long term contracts to purchase capital equipment and Uncontracted foreign currency denominated receipts and payments which will materialize if forecasted trading activity is realized. The exposure can take the form of translation, transaction or economic exposure. Translation exposure When the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet are converted to the foreign currency, their value is changed. This results in gain or loss. For instance if Singapore branch is reporting its asset in its local currency, when the balance sheet is translated into Australian dollars at the prevalent exchange rate, the balance sheet values change. Exchange rate movements from one balance sheet date to the next produce a period-to-period difference in the value of the Singapore Branchs balance sheet. Year Net Assets Exchange Rate 1 SGD= Australian Dollar Equivalent 1 SGD 20400000 AUD 0.77 $15708000 2 SGD 20400000 AUD 0.80 $16320000 3 SGD 20400000 AUD 0.75 $15300000 From the table, although the net asset value remains the same in Singapore dollars, the Australian dollar Equivalent changes because of the fluctuations in exchange rate. This brings a risk to KW DT Ltd. The company might need to undertake hedging depending on its acc ounting policies. Translation exposure affects the book values however; it doesnt affect the cash flows. Hence the company might assume its stand on hedging from no hedging to complete hedging. Transaction Exposure If the exchange rate changes during the course of a deal, this affects the cash flows to the company. This particular risk is termed as the Transaction exposure. For example if the branch set up in Singapore still sources its components from U.S on 30 days payment terms, the transaction is billed in dollars as follows Price to Singapore branch USD 1000000 Exchange Rate at order date 1SGD = 0.76 USD Expected cost in SGD = 1315789.4 SGD However, the SGD-USD exchange rates fluctuate to become 1SGD = 0.75 USD The cost in SGD becomes 1333333.3 USD Thus we see in addition to considering AUD- USD exchange rate, the company also has to consider SGD USD exchange rate. In order to avoid this loss, the company will have to undertake hedging. The company can use derivatives such as future contracts or currency options in order to cover its exposure. By entering into future contracts, the company can fix the exchange rates at which it will exchange SGD for USDs and hence be certain of the costs that it will have to incur to source its components at a future date. The issue is in reporting the exposures while preparing the Annual reports for KW DT ltd. Reporting the Differences The exposures mentioned above introduce changes in the book values and the profit and loss statement for the company. Hence accounting standards provide provision for the same. While KW DT ltd is preparing its consolidated books, it will have to keep in mind the provisions and mandate in the Australian Standards for accounting. The accounting standards applicable of interest include the AASB 121 (the Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates) and AASB 139 (Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement). AASB 121 (Aus1) This standard specifies the accounting procedures and standards to be followed. Foreign operations translate balances into functional currency: The exchange rate prevailing on the date of transaction is used for conversion from domestic to foreign currency. Closing rate is used to convert the monetary items on Balance Sheet. For items reported at historical cost, the exchange rate on the date of transaction is used. The differences, gains and losses are recognised under equity as ultimately these values affect the equity component. Foreign operations transactions When the foreign currency is reported in the domestic currency, the following have to be effected Closing period exchange rate is used for conversion purposes in case of monetary items. For non monetary items, the conversion is carried out using the exchange rate on the date when revaluation is being carried out. The differences in the values of transaction arising out of currency translation are recognised as income and expenses in the profit and loss account. In addition to considering the above points, it is also essential that disclosures should also comply with the standards specified under AASB 121. These include Profit and loss arising out of the currency translations The differences recognised under equity have to be reconciled and disclosed The reason for the change in currency in case the reporting currency and the currency of transaction are not the same. AASB 139 (Aus2) This standard specifies the accounting procedures and standards to be followed in case of using hedging instruments. Hedged Items The standard recognises a hedged item as one of the following. It can be an asset, a liability, a commitment of the firm, an investment in a foreign entity or a probable future transaction. Hedge Accounting The hedging could be carried out to ensure consistent cash flows, to maintain the value of assets or to protect form the risks of an investment. For Cash flow hedges, the change in the value of the instrument is recognised under equity in the balance sheet. To maintain the fair value of assets, the change in the value of the instrument is recognised in the profit and loss account. The accounting for net investment hedge is carried out in a similar manne to the accounting of the Cash flow hedge. Taxation The tax regimes in both the countries differ. Singapore has progressive taxation policy which makes it friendly for companies and investors. Double taxation has been done away with I Singapore. The dividends are exempt from taxation and the final tax is one paid on the taxable income. In addition, Capital gains are also not taxed. This makes the gain in sale of assets more profitable. Summary of Taxes (Solution, 2010) Tax Rate: 8.5% for taxable income till S$ 300,000 per annum Flat rate of 17% beyond that Capital Tax gain: Capital gains are not taxed Dividend Tax Gain: It is not a part of taxable income Tax Basis: All resident and foreign entities are considered at par in Singapore. However, the local laws allow resident companies to avail special benefits and rebates Taxable Income: Includes income from any trade, profession or vocation. Also included are gains in these professions. Singapore Taxation (TaxLaw) Singapore has tax treaty with Australia. Hence Australia applies taxes on Singapore companies according to the terms negotiated in the treaty. According to the treaty the resident country is mandated to remove double taxation on income from the foreign country. Hence essentially the burden of taxation is being shared by the countries. The tax relief is called Double Taxation relief DTR. In Singapore the claim is made while filing the annual income tax return. Ap propriate disclosures have to be made. There are three different methods by which tax exemption can be obtained by a foreign entity in Singapore. These can be stated as follows Reduced tax rate Under this form of relief, interest, dividends, royalties and profits from international shipping and air transport are taxed at a lower rate. Relief by deduction In case the foreign company has taxed the income in its country, the income is not taxed again in Singapore. This exemption helps Singapore attract investments. The regulations require companies to disclose the headline tax rates in their countries and corresponding benefits are provided in terms of tax relief in Singapore. Tax sparing credit Tax sparing credits are another means of providing tax relief to encourage investments in Singapore. Singapore has entered into tax treaties with countries such that Singapore will provide tax credits on royalties earned by Australia in Singapore. Hence the taxpaying company will have to pay lesser tax in Australia by the credits that it has been provided. The benefit to the companies is in availing these credits. KW DT Ltd can look forward for this benefit while setting up its base in Singapore. Withholding tax A part of remittances of entities operating out of Singapore to their parent companies in foreign countries is retained and is called as the withholding tax. Withholding tax on management fees, technical fees and service fees, the withholding tax is applicable at 17%. Also all the withholding taxes have to be paid by the 15th of the month as required by the mandate. Terms of Taxation in Australia In Australia, since 2004, income earned by an Australian Resident Corporation (AUSCO) through a foreign branch is exempted from paying corporate income tax. Hence income from Singapore branch of KW DT Ltd shall not be taxed. (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2008). Similarly, capital gains and capital losses realized by AUSCO as part of their business operations are not included in the taxable income while calculating the applicable corporate income tax. In addition a provision entitles the companies to offset their income using foreign losses. This law is in place since July 2008. Transfer Pricing Firms that have branches and international dealings in other nations might resort to practises like paying lesser taxes than compared to counter parts in Australia. This is done by manipulating the prices such that country where income tax is lower is likely to receive higher income to save taxes. This is called as shifting of profits. The transfer pricing laws in Australia aim to remove such incidences. To counter this, arms length pricing is employed. Hence, KW DT ltd. will be subjected to reviews and audit in order to ascertain that transfer pricing and international profit shifting is not taking place in related party transactions. The Arms Length price is used as a benchmark to determine if the transfer pricing is being followed. The principle compares related party transactions and transactions between independent bodies. In order to discourage transfer pricing, Schedule 25A is mandatory for companies to fill in while filing returns. Hence all companies that have internati onal dealings are required to fill in this form. (Government, 2005) The current Schedule 25A imposes obligations to disclose information about related party international dealings, including The nature and amount of certain categories of transactions Details of interest-free loans Receipts or payments of non-monetary consideration Details of arms length methodologies used The level of documentation held to support the selection and application of the most appropriate arms length methodologies, and Details of disposals of any interest in a capital asset Appropriate disclosures help minimize the risk. In case of violations, the firm is subjected to penalties and price adjustments. Hence to avoid such situations, KW DT Ltd will have to ensure compliance with Transfer pricing policies. Political Issues It is the political environment that determines the laws in a country. Singapore has a stable democratic political system. Hence the laws are favourable for business. The laws lay emphasis on efficiency and help businessmen flourish in Singapore. In addition the relationships between Australia and Singapore have always been cordial. SAFTA agreement signed in 2003 is a reiteration of the fact that both the countries have strategic outlook in promoting cordial relationships (Department of Foreign Affairs, Australia). Hence, business is facilitated in Singapore for KW DT Ltd. Legal Issues While registering a branch in Singapore, the laws of the land have to be given due importance. Legal Status Singapore laws do not differentiate between a Singapore Branch Office from the foreign entity and the head office situated in another country outside Singapore. Any legal action against a Singapore Branch is also applicable to the head office. This has to be borne in mind by KWDT Ltd. Most of the foreign companies prefer to register as a subsidiary company in Singapore rather than declaring their office as their branch. (10Tu). In addition, the approval on the name of the entity has to be sought from the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA). Another consideration for establishing Singapore branch is that the branch must have two employees who should necessarily be the residents of Singapore. The employees should be on payrolls accepting the services and serving the company. They are called to be acting as agents for the company. Cultural issues Jeffrey Braithwaite et al. ( (Jeffrey Braithwaite, 2007) describe the differences in culture in Singapore and Australia. They mention that Singapore is a high power distance and low Individualism culture whereas Australia is low power distance and high individualism culture. Singapore is characterized by employees fearing their superiors and considering co employees as threat. Managers are less considerate, typical of high power cultures. Also consistent with the high individualism cultures, Singapore work culture is described to demonstrate calculative involvement with the work organizations and the lack of concept of organization taking care of employees. Australian employees on the other hand are more involved with their organizations and expect their organizations to look after them. Also the distance between those in power and those who arent is not so evident. In addition, Australians are more casual compared to Singaporeans and hence might appear brash to the local Singaporeans who tend to be more formal and conservative in their interaction. Hence when KW DT Ltd is considering a new office in Singapore, it has to be sensitive to these issues while dealing with people and formulating its HR policies. Conclusion Having identified the issues, it is imperative that KW DT Ltd takes appropriate measures to counter these issues. For instance to ensure that currency exposure doesnt affect the cash flows, hedging would be an option. Similarly, compliance with legal requirements should be ensured to avoid penalties and lastly, people management has to be effective in order to avoid employees resentment. The basic issues that need to be addressed have been listed down for KW DT Ltd to establish its operations in Singapore.

Human Rights in Pakistan - 6749 Words

Hamdard University [pic] Hamdard institute of education and social sciences Course title EMERGING ISSUES IN EDUCation Assignment title Human Rights ---- Children rights prepared by madiha abbas INTRODUCTION Maybe were all born knowing we have rights - we just need to be reminded† --- Romanian HRE trainer Human Rights can be defined as those basic standards without which people cannot live in dignity as human beings. Human rights are the foundation of freedom, justice and peace. Their respect allows the individual and the community to fully develop. They are rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. Human rights are certain moral guarantees that people in all countries and cultures allegedly have simply because†¦show more content†¦When we say that each person has human rights, we are also saying that each person has responsibilities to respect the human rights of others. Historical origins and development of the theory and practice of human rights The concept of human rights can be found as far back in time as the age of the Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Their writings on the idea of natural law contain many of the same principles that are associated with human rights. If civilization is to survive, we must cultivate the science of human relationships - the ability of all peoples, of all kinds, to live together, in the same world at peace. --- Franklin D. Roosevelt The Magna Carta (1215) is considered a milestone in the history of human rights and several great thinkers such as Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Kant talk about the concept. Some religious texts also are said to reflect the principles of human rights. The Rig Veda promotes conduct that is based on equality. Even certain Bible passages have similar content. 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Aviation Safety - 833 Words

Create a timeline of the annual activity of labor/management collective bargaining from 1978 through 2009, providing a short synopsis of mergers, new carriers and company departure from the air transportation sector. Highlight the areas of most importance. 1978 Jan, The Federal Hourly Minimum Wage was set at $2.65 an hour. 1978, Mar 6, Pres. Carter invoked the Taft-Hartley Act for an 80-day cooling off period in a coal strike. Miners had struck 3 months earlier after coal companies demanded wage and benefit cuts and refused to be forced back to work. They ended the strike after 110 days when most company demands were dropped. 1978, Pres. Carter invoked the Taft-Hartley Act for an 80-day cooling off period in a coal strike.†¦show more content†¦Each of the four stages has had a different type of impact on the labor unions; accordingly, in one sentence for each stage describe the particular impact of that stage. The Air Transport sector has gone through four basic stages in the deregulation era: expansion, consolidation, concentration, and globalisation. In the expansion phase several â€Å"new entrant† airlines were added to the US system. Since most of the airlines were non-union carriers, they were able to operate at a lower per unit cost that forced the other carriers to reduce their comparative prices so as to match the prices of the non-union carriers. This helped in increasing competition and reduction in costs. During the consolidation phase, airlines moved to improve their balance sheets so as to reduce the threats of their competition, acquisitions, and mergers became the norm. In 1986, 25 airlines were involved in some form of consolidation movement. Union membership either remained constant or decreased depending on the union membership status of the surviving carrier. 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